Chapter IX. Of the several sorts of walls

THE foundations being laid, we are next to treat of the upright wall above ground,

The antients had six sorts of walls: The first called reticulata; the second of baked earth, or square bricks; the third of rough stones, either from mountains or rivers; the fourth of irregular stones; the fifth of squared stones; the sixth called riempiuta.

The first, called reticulata, is not in use in our time; but because Vitruvius mentions its being commonly used in his, I have given a draught of it.

Then made the corners or angles of the building of bricks; and between every two foot and half, three courses of square bricks were laid, which bound the thickness of the wall together.

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The E brick walls of a city, or any other great building, should be made with square bricks

city. y rg it h q on both sides, and the middle filled up with cement and pounded bricks. To every three foot in height there must be three courses of larger bricks than the others, which take the whole thickness of the wall. The first course must be with headers, that is, the smallest end of the brick outwards; the second longway, or stretchers;.and the third headers again. After this manner are the walls of the Rotunda, the baths of Dioclesian, and all the antient buildings that are at Rome. Res een J E—— Tree

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outward bricks.

The walls built of cement must be so made, that to every two foot, at least, there may be three courses of bricks, placed according to the method above-mentioned. Thus in Piedmont are the walls of Turin, which are built with large river-pebbles, split in the middle, and placed in the wall with the split-side outwards, making the work very upright and even.

The walls of the arena, or amphitheatre, in Verona, are also of cement, and at very three feet distance are three courses of bricks. In like manner are other antient fabricks made, as may be seen in my Books of Antiquity. 11 EN I & J VL WT (NE = = _ EIR > LTS fa (oa Cs Un N SE ES TS case k SEEN SA J ece WC Raa PO Si: SAE bln SS ST=TS = EE GE PP SS SS A IE SUIT = PP Sb i

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11, courses of bricks, that bind the whole wall.

Those walls were said to be uncertain, which were made of stones of unequal angles and sides. To make those walls they used a squaring rule of lead, which being bent where the stone was to be placed, served them in squaring it. This they did that the stones should join well together, and that they might not be obliged to make frequent tryals whether the stone was rightly placed, There are seen at Prcenefie walls after this manner; and the antient roads and streets were thus paved.

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1, irregular or rough floes.

Wa may be seen, built with squared stones, at Rome, where stood the piazza and the temple of AUGUSTUS, in which the lesser stones are key'd in with some courses of the larger,

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The method the antients made use of to build the walls called riempiuta, or coffer-work, "was by placing two rows of planks edgeways, distant the one from the other according to the thickness they intended to give the walls, and then filled the void with cement, mix'd with all kinds of stones, and continued it in this manner from course to course, Walls of this kind may be seen at Sirmion, upon the lake of Garde. BN Co TT see ] | ] | Co El es Zoo real nos of = Ei Smee Rear | Cie Here Tol

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The £ walls of Naples, that is, the antient ones, may be said to be after this manner; which have two walls of squared stones, four foot thick, and six foot distant the ope from the other, bound together with others that run cross them. The coffers that remain between the traverse and out-walls are six foot square, which are filled up with stones and earth, AN a SE ae

~~ Q_ [5 e2rs [0 ES IR TQ Ne BEEN PR of EOF AIS Feit C3 RE) \ $ SREY: i yi I S— IN Pt | A 4 Loss pl J FY | el aes ae Bee Ea THESE, in fine, are the different sorts of walls the antients made use of, footsteps of which till remain: From which we may conclude, that all walls, let them be of what kind soever, ought to have some cross courses, as so many ligaments to bind all the other parts together. "This must particularly be observed in brick walls, that, should the middle of the walls, through length of time, sink or decay, the rest may not be subject to ruin; as we see happens in many walls, particularly on the side facing the north,