Chapter XXVI. Of the ornaments of doors and windows

HOW the ornaments of the principal doors of a building ought to be made, may easily be known by what Vitruvius teacheth in the sixth chapter of the fourth book, (adding withal what the most reverend Barbaro says and shews in his design upon that subject) and by what I have hitherto said and designed in all the five orders,

But setting these aside, I (shall only give some profiles of the ornaments of the doors and windows of rooms according as they may be differently made, and shew how to mark each member in particular, that it may be graceful and have a due projection.

The ornaments given to doors and windows, are the architrave, frize, and cornice: the architrave goes round the door, and must be as thick as the jambs or pilasters, (which I have said ought not to be less thick than the sixth part of the breadth of the void, nor thicker than the fifth) from which also the frize and cornice take their thickness.

T first or uppermost of the two designs which follow, has these measures: the architrave is divided into four parts, three of which are for the height of the frize, and five for that of the cornice. The architrave is again divided into ten parts, three of which go to the first fascia, four to the second, and the remaining three parts are subdivided into five, two are given to the regalo or orlo, and the remaining three to the gola reversa, which is otherwise called intavolato. Its projection is equal to its height. The orlo projects less than half its thickness.

T intavolato is in this manner marked; a strait line must be drawn that ends at the extremities of that under the orlo, and upon the second fascia, and to be divided in the mid-

- reed FIRST BOOK die, making each of the halves the base of a triangle of two equal sides; then placing the fixed foot of the compasses in the angle opposite to the base, draw the curve lines which form the said intavolato.

The frize is three parts of the four of the architrave, and is to be marked it a segment of a circle less than half a circle, and with its swelling comes directly to the cimacio of the architrave,

The five parts which are given to the cornice, are in this manner distributed to its members; one is given to the cavetto with its listello, which is a fifth part of the cavetto: the cavetto projects three parts in two of its height. To mark it a triangle must be formed of two equal sides, and the angle C made the center, so that the cavetto will be the base of the triangle: another of the said five parts is given to the ovolo, whose projection is two parts in three of its height; to mark it a triangle must be formed of two equal sides, and the point H made the center: the other three are divided into seventeen parts, eight are given to the corona or gocciolatoio, with its listella, of which that above is one of the said eight parts, and that below which makes the hollow of the gocciolatoio, is one of the six parts of the ovolo: the other nine are given to the gola diritta, and to its orlo, which is one part of the three of the said gola. To form it well, and make it graceful, the straight line AB must be drawn, and divided into two equal parts, in the point C; one of these must be divided into seven parts, six of which must be taken in the point D, to form the two triangles AC, and CBF, and in the points E and F the fixed foot of the compasses must be placed to describe the segments of a circle AC and CB, which form the gola.

The architrave likewise, in the second invention, is to be divided into four parts, three of which make the height of the frize, and five that of the cornice.

The architrave must be divided into three parts, two of which must be subdivided into seven, and three given to the first fascia, and four to the second; the third part must he divided into nine; with two the tondino is made, and the other seven are to be subdivided into five, three of which form the intavolato, and two the ovolo.

The height of the cornice is divided into five parts and three quarters, one of these must be divided into six, and five given to the intavolato over the frize, aud one to the listello; the projection of the intavolato is equal to its height, as also of the listello. Another is given to the ovolo, whose projection is three parts of four of its height: the gradetto over the ovolo is a sixth part of the ovolo, and its projection the same: the other three are divided into seventeen, eight of which are given to the gocciolatoio, whose projection is four parts of three of its height; the other nine are divided into four, three of which are given to the gola, and one to the orlo: the three quarters that remain must be divided into five parts and a half; with one is made the gradetto, and with the other four and a half its intavolato over the gocciolatoio, The projection of this cornice is equal to its thickness,

The members of the cornice of the first invention,

1, Cavetto. N, Gola.

Members of the architrave.

Q, first Fascia. S, J'welling of the Frize.

Y, second Fascia. T, part of the Frize that goes into the wall,

By means of these the members of the second invention may also be known.

OF these two other inventions, the architrave of the first, marked with F, must likewise be divided into four parts; three and a quarter are given to the height of the frize, and five to the height of the cornice. The architrave must be divided into eight parts, five go to the piano, and three to the cimacio; which is also divided into eight parts, three of which are given to the intavolato, three to the cavetto, and two to the orlo. The height of the cornice must be divided into six parts; two are given to the gola diritta with its orlo, and one to the intavolato; then the said gola must be divided into nine parts, with eight of which is made the gocciolatoio and gradetto: the astragal or tondino over the frize, is a third of one of the said six parts, and that which remains between the gocciolatoio and tondino is left to the cavetto.

In the other invention the architrave marked with H, is divided into four parts; three and a half are given to the height of the frize, and five to the height of the cornice: the architrave is divided into eight parts; five go to the piano, and three to the cimacio: the cimacio is divided into seven parts; with one is made the astragall, and what remains is divided again into eight parts, three are given to the gola reversa, three to the cavetto, and two to the orlo: the height of the cornice must be divided into six parts and three quarters; with three parts are made the intavolato, the dentello and ovolo. The projection of the intavolato is equal to its thickness; of the dentello two parts of three of its height, and of the ovolo three parts of four: with the three quarters the intavolato between the gola and gocciolatoio is made; and the other three pars are to be divided into seventeen, nine of which make the gola and orlo, and eight the gocciolatoio.

The projection of this cornice is equal to its height, as also the abovesaid cornices.