S. Serlii vpon the speach aforesayd

LOuing Reader, there are many things which cannot fully, from poynt to poynt, bee shewed in Figure, vnlesse the workeman must helpe himselfe by practise, like as the Cincte or band of these Volutes: which (if the Capitall bee very great) will stand well: if the bredth contayneth the fourth part of the eye, and if the Capitall bee of indifferent greatnesse, then it must be made of a third part of the eye: but if the Capitall be small, then it must bee the halfe of the eye, alwayes at the workemans discretion: for I haue séene it so in Antiquities, although they differ. The thicknesse being marked aboue, vnder the Abacus, then you must place the Compasse a little below the figure 1. from aboue the Catheta downe wards: then agayne, you must place the Compasse a little aboue the figure 2. drawing your line from beneath vpwards to the Catheta.

Now, whereas I haue sayd, that the last Booke promised by Vitruuius, is not found, by meanes whereof, diuers opinions are spred abroad touching the same, some affirming, that in Vitruuius time, there were many vnskilfull workemen (as there are now also) hauing better fortune, then good vnderstanding: (others) that presumption, sister to vnskilfulnesse, beareth such sway among common workemen, that vnderstand not themselues, it is thought, that Vitruuius refused, or at least, would not publish it, in regard of the vnthankfulnesse of such as neglect good learning. Some also affirme, that it was too hard a matter for him to place them in figures; which I can hardly iudge to bee the mind of such an Author. But whereas some affirme, that this last Booke was so pleasing and acceptable, in regard of the figures there at large set out, and he being ouer-carefull in looking vnto it, was robbed thereof, among other riches and treasures, by vnskilfull persons: this I beléeue best, is as warre, which is enemy to all good Artes, which yet, at this day, is especially to be lamented, for that men by the figures, might haue made diuersities of worke in the right maner.

a. Catheta.

b. Eye.

c. Canels, or Fluitings

d. Stricks or lines drawne.

I Haue declared hereafter, according to Vitruuius writing, how to make Ionica worke, as farre as my learning shall serue. Now, I will shew how some Antiquities in Rome, of that worke, are made, yet standing. The Capitall M. standeth yet in the Theater of Marcellus, whereof I will set downe some general measures: the forehead of this Abacus is like vnto the Columne below. The Volutes giue out a sixt part of the Abacus, and so farre out as the halfe of the Abacus: the height of the Capitall is a third part of the Columne below; but for that some workemen thought that Capitall to be but barely set foorth, they haue added the Fréese which you sée in the Capitall, vnto it, making the height of the Capitall of 2. third parts, of the Columnes thickenesse below, which Capital is at this day to bee séene in Rome, with others of the like.

ANd for that it may sometimes happen to the workeman, to make a fouresquare shutting with Ionica Capitals, so that some workmen haue erred in placing of the Volutes; to helpe or case you of that errour, it shalbe néedfull to make the corner Capitals, as you sée them in this ground: of such Capitals, there was the like found in Rome, which caused many to study, where it was made, in such maner, for it was called, The confused Capitall: but at last, after long disputation, it was concluded, that it had stood in an open corner, shutting vp the order of the Columnes marked A. But if the workeman haue flat Columnes to place against the wall, in this Corner, that the Volutes may come alike on both sides, the workeman may place them, as in the ground B. is set downe.

THe Epistilium or Architraue is made thus: If the Columne be of 12. to 15. foote high, the Architraue shalbe the halfe of the Columne beneath: if it be of 15. to 20. foote high, then it shalbe deuided in 13. parts: one shalbe the height of the Architraue; and from 20. to 25. foote, the Columne shall be deuided in 12. parts and a halfe: one part shalbe giuen to the Architraue: If the Columne be of 25. to 30. foote high, then the Epistilium shall be the twelfth part of that height: It the Columne be higher, you must increase the Architraue more: for the further it goeth from a mans sight, so much •re it loseth of the greatnesse. The Architraue being made of his due light, and deuided in 7. one shalbe the Cimatie: the Proiecture thereof, also as great. That which is ouer, is deuided in 12. thrée shalbe giuen to the first Facies, foure to the second, and fiue to the third. The thicknesse of the Architraue vnder, shalbe like the Columne aboue, in the thinnest part: but the thicknesse of the Architraue aboue, shalbe like the thicknesse of the Columne below. The Zophorus or Fréese shall haue the measure according to the length of the worke: but if there be somewhat to cut or graue in it, then it must be made a fourth part higher then the Architraue: but if it be made playne, without cutting or grauing, then it must be a fourth part lesse. The Cimatie must be set vpon the Fréese, which must be the seuenth part of the same Fréese: and the proiecture also as much. Aboue the Cimatie must the Denticules be placed, in height, like the middlemost Facie: and the Proiecture like the height. The bredth of their téeth must be double in height. The intercutting or hollowing betwéene the téeth, shalbe a third part lesse. The Cimatie is the sixt part of the Dentile. The Corona, with the Cimatie thereof, is the greatnesse of the middlemost Facie. The Proiecture of the Corona, with the Denticules, is as much as the height of the Fréese, with the Cimatie. The Scima is an eyght part higher then the Corona. The rule or list thereof shall be a sixt part, and the Proiecture like the height. Also our Author affirmeth, that all Ecphores or corners will stand well, when their Proiecture is like the height.

FOr that the works of Rome differ from the writing of Vitruuius, I will frame another Columne, whereof the Architraue, Fréese and Cornice, shall be the fourth part of the height of the Columne: which 4. part deuided in 10. parts, thrée shall be for the Architraue, deuided after the rule aforesayd: 3. for the Fréese, and 4. for the Cornices: which 4. shall bee deuided in 6. whereof one shall be giuen to the Denticules, one to the Cimatie which vpholdeth the Mutiles, and two to the Mutiles and the Corona; the rest to the Scima. The Proiecture of all, shall beat least as much as the height: vpon such a Cornice was four written, A Sante Sabina, at Rome, in a building of the order of Ionica.

ANd if sometimes it be necessary to rayse vp Columnes, being not compelled or pinched by any thing thereabout, then the proportion of yᵉ Pedestal shall be thus; it shall be as broad before as the Plinthus of the Columne: but the height of the flat of the Pedestall shalbe a fouresquare, and a fourth part: which deuided in sixe parts, one shall be for the Base, and one for the Cornice, which in all is eyght parts: so shall the Pedestal be of eyght parts like the Columne. This must alwayes be vnderstood, in common, that it is left at the discretion of the workeman.

BY reason of the great difference, which I finde in things of Rome, from those which Vitruuius writeth of; therefore I haue here shewed some of them, that are best knowne at this day, extant in Rome to be séene in worke. The Cornice, Fréese, and Architraue marked T. is in the Theater of Marcellus, in the Ionica order, aboue the Dorica; the Pilaster with the Base thereupon, also marked T. is in the same order, vnder the Ionica Columne. The Cornice for the impost of an Arch, also marked T. is of the same order, and vpholdeth the Arch. The Cornice with the Mutiles marked A. was found at S. Adrians, and S. Laurence, in Rome. That Architraue marked F. was found in Nel Friulle: which Architraue, for that it had thrée Facies without Astragals, I iudge to be Ionica. Here is nothing said of the measures hereof, for I haue diligently reduced them from the great into the small: which measures are easie to be found with the Compasse.

ALthough that the Thiromatum •onleum, that is, the doore by Vitruuius deserived, in my opinion, not proportioned to answere the building (as it ought to do:) therefore I will speake thereof, according to my knowledge: I say then, that Vitruuius writing is not right, touching the height of the light of yᵉ Thiromatum Doricū, viz. from the Pauement to the Lacunary, there were 3. parts and an halfe made, and two parts thereof were for the height of the light, whereby the Coroun was very high, as also of the Dorica. But there followeth yet another errour, viz. making the Gate or doore 5. parts high, setting thrée parts thereof below, as Vitruuius saith; also lessened in the vpper part, like the Dorica: then I finde, that the widenesse thereof commeth to be broader then the inter-Columme in the middle, making a Temple of 4. Columnes, with the measure which Vitruuius hath set downe in his 3. Booke, as I haue set it downe here in Figure, that workemen may sée the correspondencie of this Gate or Doore, with the Temple thereof; which, in my opinion, is not iust, for this cause, for, if the doore of the Dorica, which order of Columnes is lower then that of Ionica, hath the height of 2. fouresquares, and a little more, I say, the Ionica doores, whose Columnes are higher, ought to be higher also for light, then the Dorica. But it is not so much, according to Vitruuius Booke, which sayth, 5. parts in height, and 3. parts in bredth: but let all this he spoken with reuerence of so great an Author. Neuerthelesse, taking the parts in Vitruuius Booke, which may be to some purpose, I will make another Figure thereof, without lessening it aboue: but he that for his pleasure will lessen it aboue, obserueth the Dorica order.

The Translator.

WHat Vitruuius sayth, touching the height of the light of the Doore or Gate of this Dorica building, there is sufficiently spoken: but touching the widenes of this Gate or Doore, where he sayth, that the height or opennesse thereof should be deuided into two parts and a halfe, and the widenesse thereof, to haue one part and a halfe: It may be (as it is in other places) that the place is falsified; and it may also be, that it is a quarter too much: for if it be made of 10. in height, and 5. in bredth, the light then being of 2. fouresquares, would bee reasonable, so the Intercolumnes were as wide as from the Dorica: for it is of foure Diameters, and this but of thrée Columnes wide, and the Antipagmentum would not be darkened; so that leaning out but a quarter, this building would thereby be made perfect.

I Say, that the light of this doore ought at least to be of 2. fouresquares high, the Antipagmentū or Pilaster shalbe the 1•. part of that height, made in such maner as is said of the Epistilume Ionicum, & thereto the Astragals shalbe added, as it is shewed in the Figure E. If a workeman will cut any thing in the Fréese aboue the Supercilium, then it must be a 4. part higher then the Supercilium: but if you leaue it plaine, it must be a fourth part lesse. The Corona, with the other members, shall be as high as the Supercilium, deuided as you see it in the Figure F. The Ancones or Prothirides, shall be broad aboue, like the Pilaster, but in the nether part, like the height of the hanging light, shalbe lessened a fourth part, from the which the leaues hang, us you sée in the Figure F. That part of the Circle, in stead of the Fastigium, shal haue his height made in this maner; with a Compasse you must reach the two corners of the Scima in the vppermost part, and one foot of the Compasse sinking to the point of the crosse, with the other foot, the part of the Circle being drawne, shalbe the height, which will be the third part of a Circle: which maner of making or not making of a Fastigium, shalbe alwayes referred to the pleasure of the workeman; it may also serue for windowes.

THe light of the Gate following, is more then of double proportion, viz. of two fouresquares and a quarter: the flat of the Pilasters shall be the 8. part of the bredth of the light, and the Columnes shall be twice as thicke: the same Columne shall be lessened aboue a sixt part: the height shall be of 9. parts, with Bases and Capitals, according to the measure aforesaid. And although these Columnes hold a part more then the rule aforesayd, yet it is not therefore trueth, for that the 2. third parts stand onely without the wall, bearing no other waight then the Frontispicium: further, if by any accident these Columnes should excéed 9. parts, yet were it not to be blamed: for they are onely set for an ornament, being made fast in the wall. The height of the Architraue shall be like the Supercilies ouer the doore: the Fréese shall be cut, and shall be made higher, as is before: if it be not cut, you may lessen it so much lower: the Cornice shall be higher, like the Epistilium or Architraue: with the other parts you must handle, as it is said in the beginning of this order. The Frontispicie shall bee referred to the will of the workeman, eyther to make it higher or lower, by any of the aforesayd rules. By this inuention, a workeman may helpe himselfe in many things, making the light high or low, as need shall require; as sometimes of a fouresquare, or of two third parts: but if the workeman bee not otherwise compelled, I should best commend the double proportion, that is, of two fouresquares.

ALthough I haue set this rusticall Gate in the order of Thuscana, and not onely in many places applyed it to the Thuscana, but also mixed it with the Dorica, yet I haue placed it here with the Ionica: although it is not therefore to be set in all buildings that are made after the Dorica, neuerthelesse, to good intent and purpose, as without in the countrey, in such a case also, it is not to bee discommended in a Citie or Towne, for a Marchants or Lawyers house; in which places it is tolerable. But in what place soeuer a man will make it in a maner of bearing ouer, then the proportion of this worke shall be thus: the light vp to the Arch shalbe two fouresquares, and the Pilaster the 8. part of the bredth of the light: the Columne shall hold the fourth part thereof, but the height shalbe 9. parts with Bases and Capitals. The Arch of the halfe shalbe deuided in 13. parts and a quarter, because the middlemost stone shall hol• a quarter more then the rest. The Architraue, Fréese and Cornice, are together the fifth part of the Columnes: of which thrée pieces, the workeman shall make 11. parts: 4. for the Architraue, 3. for the Fréese, and 4. for the Cornice. The height of the Podium shalbe the bredth of the light. The Cornice and the Base, may be taken out of the aforesayd Stilobato: but the other Base, Capitall, Architraue, and Cornice, shalbe made as it is sayd in the beginning. The Archstones and the other that bind the Columnes, you may sée in the Figure.

ALthough the height of this Arch is not of double proportion, as the most part of those which I haue shewed, yet it is not false, but is made by good discretion, for that it may sometime fall out, that in the compartition of a Facies, vpon occasion of any necessary height, and to make the Arches vnequall, which should be so to place the principall gate in the middle, which in such case should not attayne to such height: but if we be not constrayned by any necessity, I more commend the double height, then any other proportion. The widenesse then betwéene one Pilaster and the other shalbe 3. parts, and the height 5. but afterwards the widenesse being deuided in 5. then the whole Pillars which stand before the 2. Pilasters, haue 2. parts, and the thicknesse of the Columnes shalbe of one part: the Pilasters shall each of them be of halfe a Columne in thicknesse: likewise the Arch, and the Impost which vpholdeth the Arch, are of the same height made, as it is shewed in the Theater of Marcellus marked T. The Columnes shalbe 9. parts high, with Bases and Capitals, made according to the rule, in the beginning of this Chapter set downe: the doore in the middle shalbe halfe the widenesse betwéene the Pilasters: the height shalbe found in this maner: The Pilaster being made of the sixt part of the light, the Cornice like the eyes of the Impost, placed aboue it, and the Scima vpon that, making afterward the Fréese the fourth part lesse then the Antipagmentum, then the height will find it selfe, which will be little lesse then two fouresquares. The Frontispice shalbe made according to a rule set downe in the Dorica: the Architraue, Fréese and Cornice shalbe made in height, of the fourth part of the heights of the Columnes, by the rule aforesayd. The Story aboue shalbe lower by one fourth part: so shall the Architraue, Fréese and Cornice bee of the fift part of that height, which shalbe the fourth part of the height of the Columnes: but touching the deuision of the particular members, you shall find them in full measure in the Order of Composita. The windowes being made with Arches, shalbe in bredth like the doore: likewise the Pilasters and the Arches, but their height shalbe two fouresquares and a halfe, which is to giue more light in the chambers. The Columnes shalbe flat, and one fourth part shorter th•n the lower. The bredth of the Niches betwéene the Columnes and the windowes, is one Columne and a halfe, the height of foure Columnes thicknesse. Thus of any parts or members that bee resting, you shall find meanes to make them by the prescription of the aforesayd rules of that order: for of this Corinthia, you shall find the measure in the beginning of that order. Aboue this story, he that will, may make a walking place, well defended from water: and that the height of this Podium were of reasonable height to leane vpon, or to rest vpon with a mans armes, these Facies would bee a great beautifying to the building, and much ease to the inhabitants.

SOmetime, as is sayd, a workeman shall find a great number of Columnes, but so low, that they will not reach high inough for his worke, if he cannot helpe himselfe therewith, and apply such members, to serue the building which he hath in hand: therefore if the height of the Gallery riseth higher then the Columnes, then in the middle of the Facie you may make an Arch, being vpholden by the Architraue, which shalbe aboue the Columnes, which Architraue shall bee the Impost or vpholding of a round roofe. But where the Arch shall be, there shall be a Crociere, as the workeman may see in this ground: and for strengthening thereof, let there be Iron or mettall barres layd ouer, as it is taught in the Dorica Order. But the deuiding of this Facie shalbe such, that the middlemost Intercolumne shalbe of 6. Columnes thicknesse: and the height of the Columne, with Bases and Capitals shalbe of 8. parts: the Architraue holdeth as much as the Columne is in thicknesse aboue: likewise the Arch: aboue the which the workeman shall make a Cornice, which height shall hold a fourth part more then the Architraue, without the Thorus vnder, with the List: which Cornice shall also serue for a Capitall vpon the Pillars, aboue the Columnes, and shalbe of the same bredth that the Columne is aboue. The Intercolumnes on the sides shalbe of 3. Columnes in thicknesse: the height of the doore shalbe so, that the Architraue vnder the Arch shall serue for the Cornice aboue the doore, changing partly her members, as it is figured. Vnder the Cornice there shalbe a Fréese set, which shalbe a fourth part lesse then the Architraue, the Supercilies with the Pilaster of the same height. But as much as shalbe vnder the Supercilies, to the stayres, of that halfe, the bredth of the light shalbe made; and so the light shalbe of two fouresquares. The windowes shall stand as the eyes of the doore stand, and their widenesse shalbe of two Columnes thicknesse, but the height shalbe taken in Diagonall maner: the second Order or Story shalbe a fourth part lesse then the first; the Podium being taken of a reasonable height, that which resteth shalbe deuided in 5. parts, foure whereof shall be for the height of the Columnes, the other for the Architraue, Fréese and Cornice, obseruing the giuen measures of such a Story. The bredth of the window in the middle, is with the Antipagmentum as wide as the light of the doore, but the light shalbe double in height: in the Ornaments aboue, workemen may follow and obserue the rule set downe. The windowes on the sides shall be like those that stand below, and their height like the greater: the raysing vp in the middle aboue the second story, shall also be a fourth part lesse then the other, and euery part thereof lessened accordingly: for the light thereof, the order of the lowe• story is obserued: but the making of this third story, or the not making thereof, is at the pleasure of the workman.

AS it is said in the beginning of this Booke, the maner and order of the Ionica being made after the Feminine kind, it is so likewise a materiall thing, that hauing a Chimney to make of that order, wee must, as néere as we can, make some shew of that sexe therein: the proportion whereof shalbe thus, that yᵉ height of the opennesse, being placed, it shalbe from the ground of the Chamber or Hall, to the Architraue, eyght parts high, and that shall be according to the placing of the Columnes, which shall be such like, monsters or strange formes (as we call them) made in this maner, which shal serue for Mogdilions. The Architraue, Fréese and Cornice, shall be the fourth part of the height, as it is before sayd. The table vpon the Capitals, which couereth the Architraue and the Fréese, I iudge, that ancient workemen haue vsed to finde more space to write in, and also, for that they were desirous of nouelties: which table, whether it be made or not made, is referred to the will of the workeman. The second order, with the Dolphins, is made for two causes, the one is, to make the mouth of the Chimney, which doeth receyue the smoke wider: the other is, to make a Piramicall forme, making the necke of the Chimney in a Chamber, but it is still at the will of the workeman, to make them more or lesse, or not at all.

THis other maner of Chimney is very easie for small roomes, and they are vsed to be made lower then a mans sight, that the fire, which is enemy tom•s eyes, may warme the rest of a mans body. The widenesse of this Chimney is a full fouresquare: the Pilaster shall haue a sixt part of the widenesse: the Cimatie the seuenth part of the Pilaster. Of the rest you may make 12. parts, 3. shalbe giuen to the first Facie, 4. the second, and 5. the third Facie: and for more beautifying, a man may also make the Astragals, as you sée them here in the sides. The height of the Volutes shalbe like the 3. Facies without the Cimatie, and of them must be made 3. equall parts, one part for the Fréese, with the chanelature or hollowing, and the other for the Echine, with the Astragall and List, the third shall bee giuen to the Volutes, which shall hang on the sides like the Cimatie, but the leaues shall hang downe as low as the Architraue. The height of the Corona, with the two Cimaties, and the Scima, are like the second and third Facie, together with the Cimatie: but the Proiecture of Corona, Cimatie, and Scima, each of them hold as much as the height. This like forme I haue made in worke, very well liked of: but, as is sayd of the other, if by occasion of worke it taketh ouermuch place, then you may make the Pilasters of the 8. part of the widenesse, so will they be much more séemely of themselues. That part made ouer for an Ornament, is also at the workemans will, for this Chimney is to stand in the thicknesse of a wall, so that this Ornament, of this Order, would serue for a window or doore.

Here endeth the Ionica Order of building: and there followeth the Corinthia.